سعود السرحاني
05-10-2009, 11:20 AM
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ما هي حقوق الزوج وما هي حقوق الزوجة
ماهي حقوق الزوجـة على زوجهـا وفقاً للكتاب والسنـة؟ أو بمعنـى آخر .. ما هي مسؤوليات الزوج تجاه زوجتـه وبالعكس؟
الحمد لله
أوجب الإسلام على الزوج حقوقاً تجاه زوجته ، وكذا العكس ، ومن الحقوق الواجبة ما هو مشترك بين الزوجين .
وسنذكر - بحول الله - ما يتعلق بحقوق الزوجين بعضهما على بعض في الكتاب والسنة مستأنسين بشرح وأقوال أهل العلم .
أولاً : حقوق الزوجة الخاصة بها :
للزوجة على زوجها حقوق مالية وهي : المهر ، والنفقة ، والسكنى .
وحقوق غير مالية : كالعدل في القسم بين الزوجات ، والمعاشرة بالمعروف ، وعدم الإضرار بالزوجة .
1. الحقوق الماليَّة :
أ - المهر : هو المال الذي تستحقه الزوجة على زوجها بالعقد عليها أو بالدخول بها ، وهو حق واجب للمرأة على الرجل ، قال تعالى : { وآتوا النساء صدقاتهن نحلة } ، وفي تشريع المهر إظهار لخطر هذا العقد ومكانته ، وإعزاز للمرأة وإكراما لها .
والمهر ليس شرطا في عقد الزواج ولا ركنا عند جمهور الفقهاء ، وإنما هو أثر من آثاره المترتبة عليه ، فإذا تم العقد بدون ذكر مهر صح باتفاق الجمهور لقوله تعالى : { لا جناح عليكم إن طلقتم النساء ما لم تمسوهن أو تفرضوا لهن فريضة } فإباحة الطلاق قبل المسيس وقبل فرض صداق يدل على جواز عدم تسمية المهر في العقد .
فإن سمِّي العقد : وجب على الزوج ، وإن لم يسمَّ : وجب عليه مهر " المِثل " - أي مثيلاتها من النساء - .
ب - النفقة : وقد أجمع علماء الإسلام على وجوب نفقات الزوجات على أزواجهن بشرط تمكين المرأة نفسها لزوجها ، فإن امتنعت منه أو نشزت لم تستحق النفقة .
والحكمة في وجوب النفقة لها : أن المرأة محبوسة على الزوج بمقتضى عقد الزواج ، ممنوعة من الخروج من بيت الزوجية إلا بإذن منه للاكتساب ، فكان عليه أن ينفق عليها ، وعليه كفايتها ، وكذا هي مقابل الاستمتاع وتمكين نفسها له .
والمقصود بالنفقة : توفير ما تحتاج إليه الزوجة من طعام ، ومسكن ، فتجب لها هذه الأشياء وإن كانت غنية ، لقوله تعالى : ( وعلى المولود له رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف ) البقرة/233 ، وقال عز وجل : ( لينفق ذو سعة من سعته ومن قدر عليه رزقه فلينفق مما آتاه الله ) الطلاق/7 .
وفي السنة : قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لهند بنت عتبة - زوج أبي سفيان وقد اشتكت عدم نفقته عليها - " خذي ما يكفيكِ وولدَكِ بالمعروف " .
عن عائشة قالت : دخلت هند بنت عتبة امرأة أبي سفيان على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقالت : يا رسول الله إن أبا سفيان رجل شحيح لا يعطيني من النفقة ما يكفيني ويكفي بنيَّ إلا ما أخذت من ماله بغير علمه فهل علي في ذلك من جناح ؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : خذي من ماله بالمعروف ما يكفيك ويكفي بنيك . رواه البخاري ( 5049 ) ومسلم ( 1714 ) .
وعن جابر : أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال في خطبة حجة الوداع : " فاتقوا الله في النساء فإنكم أخذتموهن بأمان الله واستحللتم فروجهن بكلمة الله ، ولكم عليهن ألا يوطئن فرشكم أحدا تكرهونه ، فإن فعلن ذلك فاضربوهن ضربا غير مبرح ، ولهن عليكم رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف " . رواه مسلم ( 1218 ) .
ج. السكنى : وهو من حقوق الزوجة ، وهو أن يهيىء لها زوجُها مسكناً على قدر سعته وقدرته ، قال الله تعالى : ( أسكنوهنَّ من حيث سكنتم مِن وُجدكم ) الطلاق/6.
2. الحقوق غير الماليَّة :
نكمل في اللقاء القادم بإذن الله.
والله أعلم.
الإسلام سؤال وجواب
الشيخ محمد صالح المنجد
What are the rights of the husband and what are the rights of the wife?
what are a wife's rights on her husband according the Quran and Sunnah? or what are a husbands duties to his wife and viceversa?
Praise be to Allaah.
Islam has enjoined upon the husband duties towards his wife, and vice versa, and among these duties are some which are shared by both husband and wife.
We will mention – by the help of Allaah – some of the texts of the Qur’aan and Sunnah which have to do with the duties of the spouses towards one another, quoting also from the commentaries and views of the scholars.
Firstly: The rights of the wife which are hers alone:
The wife has financial rights over her husband, which are the mahr (dowry), spending and accommodation.
And she has non-financial rights, such as fair division between co-wives, being treated in a decent and reasonable manner, and not being treated in a harmful way by her husband.
1. Financial rights
(a) The mahr (dowry). This is the money to which the wife is entitled from her husband when the marriage contract is completed or when the marriage is consummated. It is a right which the man is obliged to pay to the woman. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And give to the women (whom you marry) their Mahr (obligatory bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) with a good heart” [al-Nisaa’ 4:4]
The prescription of the mahr demonstrates the seriousness and importance of the marriage-contract, and is a token of respect and honour to the woman.
The mahr is not a condition or essential part of the marriage-contract, according to the majority of fuqahaa’; rather it is one of the consequences of the contract. If the marriage-contract is done without any mention of the mahr, it is still valid, according to the consensus of the majority, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“There is no sin on you, if you divorce women while yet you have not touched (had sexual relation with) them, nor appointed unto them their Mahr (bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage)” [al-Baqarah 2:236]
The fact that divorce is permitted before consummation of the marriage or before stipulating the mahr indicates that it is permissible not to stipulate the mahr in the marriage-contract.
If the mahr is stipulated, it becomes obligatory upon the husband; if it is not stipulated, then he must give the mahr that is given to women of similar status to his wife.
(b) Spending. The scholars of Islam are agreed that it is obligatory for husbands to spend on their wives, on the condition that the wife make herself available to her husband. If she refuses him or rebels, then she is not entitled to that spending.
The reason why it is obligatory to spend on her is that the woman is available only to her husband, because of the marriage contract, and she is not allowed to leave the marital home except with his permission. So he has to spend on her and provide for her, and this is in return for her making herself available to him for his pleasure.
What is meant by spending is providing what the wife needs of food and accommodation. She has the right to these things even if she is rich, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“but the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother’s food and clothing on a reasonable basis” [al-Baqarah 2:233]
“Let the rich man spend according to his means; and the man whose resources are restricted, let him spend according to what Allaah has given him” [al-Talaaq 65:7]
From the Sunnah:
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to Hind bint ‘Utbah – the wife of Abu Sufyaan – who had complained that he did not spend on her: “Take what is sufficient for you and your children, on a reasonable basis.”
It was narrated that ‘Aa’ishah said: “Hind bint ‘Utbah, the wife of Abu Sufyaan, entered upon the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said, ‘O Messenger of Allaah, Abu Sufyaan is a stingy man who does not spend enough on me and my children, except for what I take from his wealth without his knowledge. Is there any sin on me for doing that?’ The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, ‘Take from his wealth on a reasonable basis, only what is sufficient for you and your children.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5049; Muslim, 1714)
It was narrated from Jaabir that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said in his Farewell Sermon:
“Fear Allah concerning women! Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah, and intercourse with them has been made lawful unto you by words of Allah. You too have rights over them, and that they should not allow anyone to sit on your bed whom you do not like. But if they do that, you can chastise them but not severely. Their rights upon you are that you should provide them with food and clothing in a fitting manner ” (Narrated by Muslim, 1218)
(c) Accommodation. This is also one of the wife’s rights, which means that her husband should prepare for her accommodation according to his means and ability. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Lodge them (the divorced women) where you dwell, according to your means” [al-Talaaq 65:6]
2. Non-financial rights
Follow in the next msg. [I]"InshaAllah".
And Allaah knows best.
Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid
ما هي حقوق الزوج وما هي حقوق الزوجة
ماهي حقوق الزوجـة على زوجهـا وفقاً للكتاب والسنـة؟ أو بمعنـى آخر .. ما هي مسؤوليات الزوج تجاه زوجتـه وبالعكس؟
الحمد لله
أوجب الإسلام على الزوج حقوقاً تجاه زوجته ، وكذا العكس ، ومن الحقوق الواجبة ما هو مشترك بين الزوجين .
وسنذكر - بحول الله - ما يتعلق بحقوق الزوجين بعضهما على بعض في الكتاب والسنة مستأنسين بشرح وأقوال أهل العلم .
أولاً : حقوق الزوجة الخاصة بها :
للزوجة على زوجها حقوق مالية وهي : المهر ، والنفقة ، والسكنى .
وحقوق غير مالية : كالعدل في القسم بين الزوجات ، والمعاشرة بالمعروف ، وعدم الإضرار بالزوجة .
1. الحقوق الماليَّة :
أ - المهر : هو المال الذي تستحقه الزوجة على زوجها بالعقد عليها أو بالدخول بها ، وهو حق واجب للمرأة على الرجل ، قال تعالى : { وآتوا النساء صدقاتهن نحلة } ، وفي تشريع المهر إظهار لخطر هذا العقد ومكانته ، وإعزاز للمرأة وإكراما لها .
والمهر ليس شرطا في عقد الزواج ولا ركنا عند جمهور الفقهاء ، وإنما هو أثر من آثاره المترتبة عليه ، فإذا تم العقد بدون ذكر مهر صح باتفاق الجمهور لقوله تعالى : { لا جناح عليكم إن طلقتم النساء ما لم تمسوهن أو تفرضوا لهن فريضة } فإباحة الطلاق قبل المسيس وقبل فرض صداق يدل على جواز عدم تسمية المهر في العقد .
فإن سمِّي العقد : وجب على الزوج ، وإن لم يسمَّ : وجب عليه مهر " المِثل " - أي مثيلاتها من النساء - .
ب - النفقة : وقد أجمع علماء الإسلام على وجوب نفقات الزوجات على أزواجهن بشرط تمكين المرأة نفسها لزوجها ، فإن امتنعت منه أو نشزت لم تستحق النفقة .
والحكمة في وجوب النفقة لها : أن المرأة محبوسة على الزوج بمقتضى عقد الزواج ، ممنوعة من الخروج من بيت الزوجية إلا بإذن منه للاكتساب ، فكان عليه أن ينفق عليها ، وعليه كفايتها ، وكذا هي مقابل الاستمتاع وتمكين نفسها له .
والمقصود بالنفقة : توفير ما تحتاج إليه الزوجة من طعام ، ومسكن ، فتجب لها هذه الأشياء وإن كانت غنية ، لقوله تعالى : ( وعلى المولود له رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف ) البقرة/233 ، وقال عز وجل : ( لينفق ذو سعة من سعته ومن قدر عليه رزقه فلينفق مما آتاه الله ) الطلاق/7 .
وفي السنة : قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لهند بنت عتبة - زوج أبي سفيان وقد اشتكت عدم نفقته عليها - " خذي ما يكفيكِ وولدَكِ بالمعروف " .
عن عائشة قالت : دخلت هند بنت عتبة امرأة أبي سفيان على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقالت : يا رسول الله إن أبا سفيان رجل شحيح لا يعطيني من النفقة ما يكفيني ويكفي بنيَّ إلا ما أخذت من ماله بغير علمه فهل علي في ذلك من جناح ؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : خذي من ماله بالمعروف ما يكفيك ويكفي بنيك . رواه البخاري ( 5049 ) ومسلم ( 1714 ) .
وعن جابر : أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال في خطبة حجة الوداع : " فاتقوا الله في النساء فإنكم أخذتموهن بأمان الله واستحللتم فروجهن بكلمة الله ، ولكم عليهن ألا يوطئن فرشكم أحدا تكرهونه ، فإن فعلن ذلك فاضربوهن ضربا غير مبرح ، ولهن عليكم رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف " . رواه مسلم ( 1218 ) .
ج. السكنى : وهو من حقوق الزوجة ، وهو أن يهيىء لها زوجُها مسكناً على قدر سعته وقدرته ، قال الله تعالى : ( أسكنوهنَّ من حيث سكنتم مِن وُجدكم ) الطلاق/6.
2. الحقوق غير الماليَّة :
نكمل في اللقاء القادم بإذن الله.
والله أعلم.
الإسلام سؤال وجواب
الشيخ محمد صالح المنجد
What are the rights of the husband and what are the rights of the wife?
what are a wife's rights on her husband according the Quran and Sunnah? or what are a husbands duties to his wife and viceversa?
Praise be to Allaah.
Islam has enjoined upon the husband duties towards his wife, and vice versa, and among these duties are some which are shared by both husband and wife.
We will mention – by the help of Allaah – some of the texts of the Qur’aan and Sunnah which have to do with the duties of the spouses towards one another, quoting also from the commentaries and views of the scholars.
Firstly: The rights of the wife which are hers alone:
The wife has financial rights over her husband, which are the mahr (dowry), spending and accommodation.
And she has non-financial rights, such as fair division between co-wives, being treated in a decent and reasonable manner, and not being treated in a harmful way by her husband.
1. Financial rights
(a) The mahr (dowry). This is the money to which the wife is entitled from her husband when the marriage contract is completed or when the marriage is consummated. It is a right which the man is obliged to pay to the woman. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And give to the women (whom you marry) their Mahr (obligatory bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) with a good heart” [al-Nisaa’ 4:4]
The prescription of the mahr demonstrates the seriousness and importance of the marriage-contract, and is a token of respect and honour to the woman.
The mahr is not a condition or essential part of the marriage-contract, according to the majority of fuqahaa’; rather it is one of the consequences of the contract. If the marriage-contract is done without any mention of the mahr, it is still valid, according to the consensus of the majority, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“There is no sin on you, if you divorce women while yet you have not touched (had sexual relation with) them, nor appointed unto them their Mahr (bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage)” [al-Baqarah 2:236]
The fact that divorce is permitted before consummation of the marriage or before stipulating the mahr indicates that it is permissible not to stipulate the mahr in the marriage-contract.
If the mahr is stipulated, it becomes obligatory upon the husband; if it is not stipulated, then he must give the mahr that is given to women of similar status to his wife.
(b) Spending. The scholars of Islam are agreed that it is obligatory for husbands to spend on their wives, on the condition that the wife make herself available to her husband. If she refuses him or rebels, then she is not entitled to that spending.
The reason why it is obligatory to spend on her is that the woman is available only to her husband, because of the marriage contract, and she is not allowed to leave the marital home except with his permission. So he has to spend on her and provide for her, and this is in return for her making herself available to him for his pleasure.
What is meant by spending is providing what the wife needs of food and accommodation. She has the right to these things even if she is rich, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“but the father of the child shall bear the cost of the mother’s food and clothing on a reasonable basis” [al-Baqarah 2:233]
“Let the rich man spend according to his means; and the man whose resources are restricted, let him spend according to what Allaah has given him” [al-Talaaq 65:7]
From the Sunnah:
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to Hind bint ‘Utbah – the wife of Abu Sufyaan – who had complained that he did not spend on her: “Take what is sufficient for you and your children, on a reasonable basis.”
It was narrated that ‘Aa’ishah said: “Hind bint ‘Utbah, the wife of Abu Sufyaan, entered upon the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said, ‘O Messenger of Allaah, Abu Sufyaan is a stingy man who does not spend enough on me and my children, except for what I take from his wealth without his knowledge. Is there any sin on me for doing that?’ The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, ‘Take from his wealth on a reasonable basis, only what is sufficient for you and your children.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5049; Muslim, 1714)
It was narrated from Jaabir that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said in his Farewell Sermon:
“Fear Allah concerning women! Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah, and intercourse with them has been made lawful unto you by words of Allah. You too have rights over them, and that they should not allow anyone to sit on your bed whom you do not like. But if they do that, you can chastise them but not severely. Their rights upon you are that you should provide them with food and clothing in a fitting manner ” (Narrated by Muslim, 1218)
(c) Accommodation. This is also one of the wife’s rights, which means that her husband should prepare for her accommodation according to his means and ability. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Lodge them (the divorced women) where you dwell, according to your means” [al-Talaaq 65:6]
2. Non-financial rights
Follow in the next msg. [I]"InshaAllah".
And Allaah knows best.
Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid