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Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç ┘üϬϺϮ ┘à┘å ÏúÏ│Ï▒Ï® ϽÏ▒┘èÏ® ϺϫϬ┘üϬ ┘ü┘è Ï©Ï▒┘ê┘ü Ï║Ϻ┘àÏÂÏ® Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1875┘à ┘êÏ╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï║┘à ┘à┘å ϽÏ▒ϺÏí Ï╣ϺϪ┘äϬ┘çϺ ┘êÏ┤Ï║┘ä┘ç┘à ┘à┘åϺÏÁÏ¿ ┘àÏ▒┘à┘ê┘éÏ® ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘ç ┘ä┘à ┘èϬ┘à Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ͻ┘êÏ▒ Ï╣┘ä┘è┘çϺÏî ÏÑ┘äϺ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» Ï«┘àÏ│Ï® ┘êÏ╣Ï┤Ï▒┘ê┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘à┘ïϺ ┘à┘å ϺϫϬ┘üϺϪ┘çϺÏî ┘ê┘éÏ» ϬÏ│Ï¿Ï¿ Ï©┘ç┘êÏ▒┘çϺ ┘àÏ▒Ï® ÏúÏ«Ï▒┘ë ┘ü┘è ÏÑϽϺÏ▒Ï® Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ▒┘åÏ│┘è Ï¡┘ê┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï¿Ï¿ ┘êÏ▒ϺÏí ϺϫϬ┘üϺϪ┘çϺ ┘êϺ┘ä┘à┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘êϼϻϬ ┘ü┘è┘ç ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│┘â┘è┘åÏ®.
Ï▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å ┘àϼ┘ç┘ê┘ä:
┘êÏÁ┘äϬ Ï▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å ┘àϼ┘ç┘ê┘ä ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ┘à┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à ÏÁϺϡϿ┘çϺ ┘è┘é┘ê┘ä:ÔÇØ Ï│┘èÏ»┘è Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘àÏî ┘ä┘è Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒┘ü ┘ü┘è Ïú┘å ÏúÏ¿┘äÏ║┘â┘à Ï¿┘ê┘é┘êÏ╣ ϡϺϻϽϮ Ï«ÏÀ┘èÏ▒Ï® ┘ä┘äÏ║Ϻ┘èÏ® Ïú┘åϺ ÏúϬ┘â┘ä┘à Ï╣┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘åÏ│ Ϭ┘à Ï¡Ï¿Ï│┘çϺ ┘ü┘è ┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│┘èϻϮ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘åÏÁ┘ü ϼϺϪÏ╣Ï® ϬÏ╣┘èÏ┤ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘é┘àϺ┘àÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘ü┘åÏ® ┘à┘åÏ░ Ï«┘àÏ│Ï® ┘êÏ╣Ï┤Ï▒┘ê┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘à┘ïϺ ┘àÏÂϬÏî Ï¿┘â┘ä┘àÏ® ┘êϺϡϻϮ ┘è┘à┘â┘å Ϻ┘ä┘é┘ê┘ä Ï¿Ïú┘å┘çϺ ϬÏ╣┘èÏ┤ ┘ü┘è ┘éÏ░ϺÏ▒Ϭ┘çϺÔÇØ
┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï╣┘ä┘à Ï¿Ïú┘å ϺϿ┘åÏ® ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘àϫϬ┘ü┘èÏ® ┘à┘åÏ░ ┘üϬÏ▒Ï® ÏÀ┘ê┘è┘äÏ® ┘ê┘ç┘ê ┘àϺ ϼÏ╣┘ä┘ç ┘èÏ▒ϬϺϿ ┘à┘å ┘êÏÁ┘ê┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘ê┘èÏ│Ï▒Ï╣ ϿϺ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘é ┘ü┘è┘çϺ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» ϬÏú┘â┘èÏ» ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϼ┘à┘èÏ╣ Ï¿Ïú┘å┘ç Ϭ┘à Ï│┘àϺÏ╣ ÏÁÏ▒Ϻϫ ϿϺ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘äÏú┘âϽÏ▒ ┘à┘å ┘àÏ▒Ï® ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ÏÁÏ▒ϫϺϬ ┘à┘âϬ┘ê┘àÏ® ϡϬ┘ë Ïú┘å┘ç┘à Ï©┘å┘êϺ Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘àÏ│┘â┘ê┘å ϿϺ┘äÏúÏ┤ϿϺϡÏî
┘êϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ╣┘ä ÏúÏÁÏ»Ï▒ Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ïú┘êϺ┘àÏ▒┘ç Ï¿ÏÑÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘ä Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® ┘äϬ┘üϬ┘èÏ┤ Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘êϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ╣┘ä Ϭ┘êϼ┘ç Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘êÏ¿Ï»Ïú┘êϺ ϿϺ┘äϬ┘üϬ┘èÏ┤ ┘ü┘è┘ç ϡϬ┘ë ┘êÏÁ┘ä┘êϺ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ»┘êÏ▒ Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘ä┘ê┘è ϿϺ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘ê┘ç┘åϺ┘â ┘êϼϻ┘êϺ Ï║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ® ÏÀ┘äÏ¿┘êϺ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ«Ï»┘à ┘üϬϡ┘çϺ ┘üÏúϼϺϿ┘êϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ® ϻϺϪ┘à┘ïϺ ┘ê┘äϺ ┘è┘êϼϻ ┘ä┘çϺ ┘à┘üϬϺϡ ┘êÏú┘å┘ç ┘ä┘à ┘èÏ│Ï¿┘é ┘äÏúÏ¡Ï»┘ç┘à ϻϫ┘ê┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘à┘å ┘éÏ¿┘ä.
Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï▒ ┘êÏ▒ϺÏí Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ®:
Ïú┘àÏ▒ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀ┘è Ï¿┘âÏ│Ï▒ ϿϺϿ Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘ê┘ç┘åϺ Ϻ┘åÏÁÏ»┘à Ϻ┘äϼ┘à┘èÏ╣ ┘ü┘éÏ» Ï▒Ïú┘êϺ Ï┤Ï¿Ï¡ Ϻ┘àÏ▒ÏúÏ® ϼϺ┘äÏ│ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï▒┘èÏ▒Ïî ┘â┘ê┘àÏ® ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ╣ϩϺ┘à Ï░ϺϬ Ï┤Ï╣Ï▒ ÏÀ┘ê┘è┘ä ϼϻ┘ïϺ Ϭϼ┘äÏ│ ┘ü┘è ┘êÏ│ÏÀ Ϻ┘ä┘éϺÏ░┘êÏ▒ϺϬ ┘â┘àϺ ┘êÏÁ┘üϬ┘çϺ Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘ç┘åϺ┘â ÏúϽÏ▒ ┘ä┘ä┘éÏ░ϺÏ▒Ï® Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘üÏ▒ϺÏ┤┘çϺ ┘êÏ¿┘éϺ┘èϺ Ïú┘â┘ä Ï╣┘ü┘å ϬÏ╣┘èÏ┤ Ϻ┘äÏ¡Ï┤Ï▒ϺϬ ┘àÏ╣┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘å┘üÏ│ Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï▒┘èÏ▒Ïî
┘ä┘à ┘èϬ┘àϺ┘ä┘â Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® ┘å┘üÏ│┘ç┘à ┘à┘å ┘à┘åÏ©Ï▒┘çϺ ┘ü┘éÏ» ┘âϺ┘åϬ ÏÁϺ┘àϬϮ ┘ê┘âϺ┘åϬ Ï▒ϺϪϡϮ Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘ü┘åÏ® ┘äϺ Ϭ┘éϺ┘ê┘à ┘ü┘éϺ┘à Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® Ï¿┘ä┘ü Ϻ┘äÏ│┘èϻϮ ┘ü┘è ┘äϡϺ┘ü ┘à┘çϬÏ▒Ïí ┘âϺ┘å ┘àÏ▒┘à┘è Ͽϼ┘êϺÏ▒┘çϺ ┘êÏ░┘çÏ¿┘êϺ Ï¿┘çϺ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë.
┘à┘å ┘ç┘è Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç σ
┘ê┘äϻϬ Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç ┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘äÏ¿┘è┘êϬ Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ▒┘åÏ│┘èÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ï▒┘è┘éÏ® ┘ü┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘çϺ ┘ç┘ê Ïú┘à┘è┘ä ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç Ï╣┘à┘èÏ» ┘â┘ä┘èÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘ü┘å┘ê┘åÏî ┘êÏ▓┘êϼϬ┘ç ┘ä┘ê┘èÏ▓Ϻ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ÏÑÏ¡Ï»┘ë Ï│┘èϻϺϬ Ϻ┘ä┘àϼϬ┘àÏ╣ Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ▒┘åÏ│┘èÏî ┘êÏúÏ«┘ê┘çϺ ┘àϺÏ▒Ï│┘è┘ä ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘åϺÏ┤ÏÀ Ï¡┘é┘ê┘é┘èÏî ┘ê┘àϡϺ┘üÏ© ┘äÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ»┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ▒┘åÏ│┘èÏ®Ïî
Ï╣ϺÏ┤Ϭ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘ü┘è Ï©┘ä Ï▒Ï╣Ϻ┘èÏ® ┘à┘å ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘çϺ ┘ê┘êϺ┘äϻϬ┘çϺ ϡϬ┘ë ϼϺÏí Ϻ┘ä┘è┘ê┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ÏÁÏ▒ϡϬ ┘ü┘è┘ç Ï¿Ï▒Ï║ϿϬ┘çϺ ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï┤ϺϿ ┘ü┘é┘èÏ▒ Ï¡┘èϽ ϿϺÏíϬ ┘â┘ä ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϺϬ Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘ü┘è ÏÑ┘é┘åϺÏ╣ ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘è┘çϺ ϿϺ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϿ Ϻ┘äÏ¿Ï│┘èÏÀ ϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ┤┘äÏî ┘ê┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘äÏú┘èϺ┘à ϺϫϬ┘üϬ Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘å┘çϺϪ┘è┘ïϺÏî ┘êÏúÏ╣┘ä┘åϬ Ï╣ϺϪ┘äϬ┘çϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘à┘ü┘é┘êϻϮ ┘êϬ┘à ϬϡÏ▒┘èÏ▒ ┘àÏ¡ÏÂÏ▒ Ï¿┘ü┘éÏ»┘çϺ.
┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë:
┘éϺ┘à Ϻ┘äÏúÏÀϿϺÏí ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë Ï¿Ï╣┘à┘ä Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ¡┘êÏÁϺϬ Ϻ┘ä┘âϺ┘à┘äÏ® ┘ä┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ϬÏ▓┘å 25 ┘â┘è┘ä┘ê ϼÏ▒Ϻ┘à ┘êϬÏ╣Ϻ┘å┘è ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏÑÏ╣┘èϺÏí ┘êϺ┘ä┘çÏ▓Ϻ┘ä Ϻ┘ä┘âϺ┘à┘ä ┘ê┘éϺ┘àϬ Ϻ┘ä┘à┘àÏ▒ÏÂϺϬ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϭ┘åÏ©┘è┘ü┘çϺ ┘êÏ▒Ï╣Ϻ┘èϬ┘çϺÏî ┘ü┘ä┘à Ϭ┘â┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ï│┘ê┘ë ┘üϬϺϮ ┘çϺϻϪϮ ┘àÏÀ┘èÏ╣Ï® Ϭ┘üÏ▒Ï¡ ┘ä┘äϺÏ│Ϭϡ┘àϺ┘à ┘âϺ┘äÏúÏÀ┘üϺ┘ä ┘êϬÏ│Ϭ┘àϬÏ╣ ϿϺ┘ä┘ç┘êϺÏí Ϻ┘ä┘å┘é┘è ┘ä┘â┘å┘çϺ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ϬϫÏ┤┘ë Ϻ┘äÏÂ┘êÏí ┘ê┘äϺ ϬÏ│ϬÏÀ┘èÏ╣ Ϭϡ┘à┘ä┘çÏî
Ϭ┘à Ϭϡ┘ê┘è┘ä Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ÏÑÏ¡Ï»┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘àÏÁϡϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘é┘ä┘èÏ® ┘åϬ┘èϼϮ ϺÏÂÏÀÏ▒ϺϿ Ï░┘ç┘å┘è ┘åϺϬϼ Ï╣┘å Ϻ┘äÏ¡Ï¿Ï│ Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ϬÏ╣Ï▒ÏÂϬ ┘ä┘ç ┘êϺ┘ä┘àÏ╣Ϻ┘åϺϮ Ϻ┘äϬ┘è ┘êϺϼ┘çϬ┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘ä┘à ϬÏ╣Ï» ┘éϺϻÏ▒Ï® Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¡┘èϺϮ Ï¿ÏÁ┘êÏ▒Ï® ÏÀÏ¿┘èÏ╣┘èÏ® ┘êÏ©┘äϬ Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äϡϺ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ│┘â┘êϬ ┘êÏ╣Ï»┘à ÏÑÏ»Ï▒Ϻ┘â Ϻ┘ä┘êϺ┘éÏ╣ ϡϬ┘ë Ϭ┘ê┘üϬ Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1913 Ï¿Ï╣Ï» 12 Ï╣Ϻ┘à ┘à┘å Ϻ┘âϬÏ┤Ϻ┘ü ┘éÏÁϬ┘çϺ.
Ϭϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ®:
ÏúÏ©┘çÏ▒Ϭ Ϭϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ï╣ϺÏ▒ÏÂϬ Ïú┘ç┘ä┘çϺ ┘ü┘è ┘àÏ│Ïú┘äÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϿ Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è Ï▒┘üÏÂ┘ç Ïú┘ç┘ä┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï║┘à ┘à┘å Ï╣┘à┘ä┘ç ┘â┘àϡϺ┘à┘è ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘ç ┘âϺ┘å ┘èÏ╣Ï» ┘à┘å ÏÀÏ¿┘éÏ® ┘ü┘é┘èÏ▒Ï® ϿϺ┘ä┘åÏ│Ï¿Ï® ┘ä┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏúÏ│Ï▒Ï® Ϻ┘ä┘åÏ¿┘è┘äÏ®Ïî ┘ü┘êϺϼ┘ç┘êϺ ┘â┘ä ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϺϬ┘ç ┘ä┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å┘çϺ ϿϺ┘äÏ▒┘üÏ Ϻ┘äϬϺ┘àÏî ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ ÏúÏÁÏ▒Ϭ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¡Ï¿┘çÏî ┘à┘àϺ ϺÏÂÏÀÏ▒ ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘è┘çϺ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ┘à┘åÏ╣┘çϺ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ«Ï▒┘êϼ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ..
┘ü┘âϺ┘åϬ Ϭ┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│ϺϪ┘ä ┘ä┘ç ┘êϬ┘éÏ░┘ü┘çϺ ┘ä┘ç Ï╣Ï¿Ï▒ Ϻ┘äÏ│┘êÏ▒ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ┘çÏ░┘ç ┘ç┘è Ϻ┘ä┘êÏ│┘è┘äÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘êÏ¡┘èϻϮ ┘ä┘äϬ┘êϺÏÁ┘ä ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ ┘ê┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘äÏú┘èϺ┘à ┘êÏúϽ┘åϺÏí ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϬ┘çϺ ┘äÏ▒┘à┘è Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘â┘àϺ ϺÏ╣ϬϺϻϬ Ï│┘éÏÀϬ Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ϻϺϫ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│┘êÏ▒ ┘ê┘ä┘èÏ│ ϫϺÏ▒ϼ┘çϺÏî ┘ê┘ê┘éÏ╣Ϭ ┘ü┘è ┘èÏ» Ïú┘à┘çϺ ┘ü┘êϼϻϬ ┘ü┘è┘çϺ Ïú┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ϭ┘å┘ê┘è Ϻ┘ä┘çÏ▒Ï¿ ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ ┘üÏ│ϺÏ▒Ï╣Ϭ Ï¿ÏÑϫϿϺÏ▒ ÏúÏ¿┘è┘çϺ ┘ê┘à┘åÏ░ Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘ä┘è┘ê┘à ┘ä┘à ┘èÏ╣ϽÏ▒ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘êϺ┘åÏÀ┘ä┘éϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϪÏ╣ϺϬ ϿϺ┘ä┘àÏ»┘è┘åÏ® Ï╣┘å ┘çÏ▒┘êÏ¿┘çϺ ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ.
┘ü┘éϺ┘à ÏúÏ¿┘ê┘çϺ ┘êÏú┘à┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¡Ï¿Ï│┘çϺ ┘ü┘è Ϭ┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘êϺÏ╣┘ä┘å┘êϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ϺϫϬ┘üϬ ┘êÏÀ┘êϺ┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘àϻϮ ┘ä┘à ┘è┘â┘å ┘èÏ╣Ï▒┘ü ┘à┘âϺ┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ï│┘ê┘ë Ͻ┘äϺϽϬ┘ç┘à Ϻ┘äÏú┘à ┘êϺ┘äÏúÏ¿ ┘êϺ┘äÏúÏ« ┘êÏ¿Ï╣Ï» ┘ê┘üϺϮ Ϻ┘äÏúÏ¿ ┘ü┘è Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1882 ┘ä┘à ϬϬ┘ê┘é┘ü Ϻ┘äÏú┘à Ï¿┘ä ┘àÏÂϬ ┘ü┘è Ï¡Ï¿Ï│ Ϻ┘äϺϿ┘åÏ®Ïî
ϡϬ┘ë ┘êÏÁ┘äϬ ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘ä┘à┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ»Ï╣┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘éϺ┘à ϿϺ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘é ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘êϺ┘éÏ╣Ï® ┘êϬ┘êϼ┘è┘ç Ϻ┘äϬ┘ç┘à ┘ä┘äÏú┘à ┘ä┘ê┘èÏ▓Ϻ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘êϺ┘äϺϿ┘å ┘àϺÏ▒Ï│┘è┘ä ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç ┘êÏ¿Ï╣Ï» ÏÑϽϺÏ▒Ï® Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï¡┘ê┘ä┘ç┘à ┘êϬ┘ä┘é┘è Ϻ┘äϬ┘çÏ»┘èϻϺϬ ┘êϺ┘äÏ╣ϿϺÏ▒ϺϬ Ϻ┘ä┘éϺÏ│┘èÏ® ┘éϺ┘àϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® Ï¿Ï│ϼ┘å Ϻ┘äÏú┘à ┘êϬ┘à ┘å┘é┘ä┘çϺ ┘ä┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë Ï╣┘ä┘ë ÏúϽÏ▒ ÏúÏ▓┘àÏ® ┘é┘äÏ¿┘èÏ® Ϭ┘ê┘üϬ Ï¿Ï╣Ï»┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘àϺϬϬ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» 15 ┘è┘ê┘à ┘ü┘éÏÀ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϺϡϬϼϺÏ▓.
Ïú┘àϺ Ϻ┘äϺϿ┘å ┘ü┘éÏ» Ϭ┘à Ϭ┘êϼ┘è┘ç ┘ä┘ç Ϭ┘ç┘àÏ® ϬÏ╣Ï░┘èÏ¿ ┘êϺϫϬÏÀϺ┘ü ┘êϺϡϬϼϺÏ▓ Ï┤┘é┘è┘éϬ┘ç Ï╣┘ä┘ë ÏÑϽÏ▒ ┘àϡϺ┘â┘àÏ® ϺÏ│Ϭ┘àÏ▒Ϭ ┘äÏúÏ▒Ï¿Ï╣Ï® Ïú┘èϺ┘à Ϻ┘åϬ┘çϬ ϿϺ┘äÏ¡┘â┘à Ï╣┘ä┘è┘ç ϿϺ┘äÏ│ϼ┘å 15 Ï┤┘çÏ▒ ┘ä┘â┘å┘ç ┘éÏ»┘à ϺÏ│ϬϪ┘åϺ┘ü Ï¡ÏÁ┘ä Ï¿┘ç Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¿Ï▒ϺÏíÏ® ┘ü┘éϺ┘à Ï¿Ï¿┘èÏ╣ ┘â┘ä ┘à┘àϬ┘ä┘âϺϬ┘ç ┘êϺ┘åϬ┘é┘ä ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¡┘èϺϮ ┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘ä┘éÏ▒┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪ┘èÏ® Ï¡┘èϽ ┘äϺ ┘èÏ╣Ï▒┘ü┘ç ÏúÏ¡Ï» ┘ç┘åϺ┘â Ï¿Ï╣┘èÏ»┘ïϺ Ï╣┘å Ϻ┘äϺϡϬ┘éϺÏ▒ ┘êϺ┘ä┘ä┘ê┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘êϺϼ┘ç┘ç ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϼ┘à┘èÏ╣ ϡϬ┘ë Ϭ┘ê┘ü┘ë ┘ç┘åϺ┘â ┘êÏ¡┘èÏ»┘ïϺ.
┘ê┘éÏ» ÏúÏ║┘ä┘éϬ Ϻ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϭ┘àϺ┘à┘ïϺ ┘ü┘è ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘éÏÂ┘èÏ® Ϻ┘äϬ┘è ÏúÏÁϿϡϬ ┘àϽϺÏ▒ ┘ä┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï¿Ï╣Ï» Ϻ┘âϬÏ┤Ϻ┘ü ┘à┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ ┘ê┘êϼ┘êÏ»┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äϡϺ┘äÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ▓Ï▒┘èÏ® ┘êϺ┘ä┘àÏ«┘è┘üÏ® ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ϻ┘äϬ┘è Ï╣ϺÏ┤Ϭ Ï¡┘èϺϮ Ϻ┘ä┘åÏ¿┘äϺÏí ┘êϺ┘åϬ┘çϬ Ï¡┘èϺϬ┘çϺ Ï¿┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏÀÏ▒┘è┘éÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘à┘êÏ¡Ï┤Ï® ┘êϺ┘ä┘éϺÏ│┘èÏ®..
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Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç ┘üϬϺϮ ┘à┘å ÏúÏ│Ï▒Ï® ϽÏ▒┘èÏ® ϺϫϬ┘üϬ ┘ü┘è Ï©Ï▒┘ê┘ü Ï║Ϻ┘àÏÂÏ® Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1875┘à ┘êÏ╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï║┘à ┘à┘å ϽÏ▒ϺÏí Ï╣ϺϪ┘äϬ┘çϺ ┘êÏ┤Ï║┘ä┘ç┘à ┘à┘åϺÏÁÏ¿ ┘àÏ▒┘à┘ê┘éÏ® ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘ç ┘ä┘à ┘èϬ┘à Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ͻ┘êÏ▒ Ï╣┘ä┘è┘çϺÏî ÏÑ┘äϺ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» Ï«┘àÏ│Ï® ┘êÏ╣Ï┤Ï▒┘ê┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘à┘ïϺ ┘à┘å ϺϫϬ┘üϺϪ┘çϺÏî ┘ê┘éÏ» ϬÏ│Ï¿Ï¿ Ï©┘ç┘êÏ▒┘çϺ ┘àÏ▒Ï® ÏúÏ«Ï▒┘ë ┘ü┘è ÏÑϽϺÏ▒Ï® Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ▒┘åÏ│┘è Ï¡┘ê┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï¿Ï¿ ┘êÏ▒ϺÏí ϺϫϬ┘üϺϪ┘çϺ ┘êϺ┘ä┘à┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘êϼϻϬ ┘ü┘è┘ç ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│┘â┘è┘åÏ®.
Ï▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å ┘àϼ┘ç┘ê┘ä:
┘êÏÁ┘äϬ Ï▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å ┘àϼ┘ç┘ê┘ä ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ┘à┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à ÏÁϺϡϿ┘çϺ ┘è┘é┘ê┘ä:ÔÇØ Ï│┘èÏ»┘è Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘àÏî ┘ä┘è Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒┘ü ┘ü┘è Ïú┘å ÏúÏ¿┘äÏ║┘â┘à Ï¿┘ê┘é┘êÏ╣ ϡϺϻϽϮ Ï«ÏÀ┘èÏ▒Ï® ┘ä┘äÏ║Ϻ┘èÏ® Ïú┘åϺ ÏúϬ┘â┘ä┘à Ï╣┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘åÏ│ Ϭ┘à Ï¡Ï¿Ï│┘çϺ ┘ü┘è ┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│┘èϻϮ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘åÏÁ┘ü ϼϺϪÏ╣Ï® ϬÏ╣┘èÏ┤ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘é┘àϺ┘àÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘ü┘åÏ® ┘à┘åÏ░ Ï«┘àÏ│Ï® ┘êÏ╣Ï┤Ï▒┘ê┘å Ï╣Ϻ┘à┘ïϺ ┘àÏÂϬÏî Ï¿┘â┘ä┘àÏ® ┘êϺϡϻϮ ┘è┘à┘â┘å Ϻ┘ä┘é┘ê┘ä Ï¿Ïú┘å┘çϺ ϬÏ╣┘èÏ┤ ┘ü┘è ┘éÏ░ϺÏ▒Ϭ┘çϺÔÇØ
┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï╣┘ä┘à Ï¿Ïú┘å ϺϿ┘åÏ® ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘àϫϬ┘ü┘èÏ® ┘à┘åÏ░ ┘üϬÏ▒Ï® ÏÀ┘ê┘è┘äÏ® ┘ê┘ç┘ê ┘àϺ ϼÏ╣┘ä┘ç ┘èÏ▒ϬϺϿ ┘à┘å ┘êÏÁ┘ê┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘ê┘èÏ│Ï▒Ï╣ ϿϺ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘é ┘ü┘è┘çϺ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» ϬÏú┘â┘èÏ» ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϼ┘à┘èÏ╣ Ï¿Ïú┘å┘ç Ϭ┘à Ï│┘àϺÏ╣ ÏÁÏ▒Ϻϫ ϿϺ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘äÏú┘âϽÏ▒ ┘à┘å ┘àÏ▒Ï® ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ÏÁÏ▒ϫϺϬ ┘à┘âϬ┘ê┘àÏ® ϡϬ┘ë Ïú┘å┘ç┘à Ï©┘å┘êϺ Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘àÏ│┘â┘ê┘å ϿϺ┘äÏúÏ┤ϿϺϡÏî
┘êϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ╣┘ä ÏúÏÁÏ»Ï▒ Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪϿ Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ïú┘êϺ┘àÏ▒┘ç Ï¿ÏÑÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘ä Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® ┘äϬ┘üϬ┘èÏ┤ Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘êϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ╣┘ä Ϭ┘êϼ┘ç Ï▒ϼϺ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘êÏ¿Ï»Ïú┘êϺ ϿϺ┘äϬ┘üϬ┘èÏ┤ ┘ü┘è┘ç ϡϬ┘ë ┘êÏÁ┘ä┘êϺ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ»┘êÏ▒ Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘ä┘ê┘è ϿϺ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ┘ê┘ç┘åϺ┘â ┘êϼϻ┘êϺ Ï║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ® ÏÀ┘äÏ¿┘êϺ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ«Ï»┘à ┘üϬϡ┘çϺ ┘üÏúϼϺϿ┘êϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ® ϻϺϪ┘à┘ïϺ ┘ê┘äϺ ┘è┘êϼϻ ┘ä┘çϺ ┘à┘üϬϺϡ ┘êÏú┘å┘ç ┘ä┘à ┘èÏ│Ï¿┘é ┘äÏúÏ¡Ï»┘ç┘à ϻϫ┘ê┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘à┘å ┘éÏ¿┘ä.
Ϻ┘äÏ│Ï▒ ┘êÏ▒ϺÏí Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ║┘ä┘éÏ®:
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Ï╣ϺÏ┤Ϭ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘ü┘è Ï©┘ä Ï▒Ï╣Ϻ┘èÏ® ┘à┘å ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘çϺ ┘ê┘êϺ┘äϻϬ┘çϺ ϡϬ┘ë ϼϺÏí Ϻ┘ä┘è┘ê┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ÏÁÏ▒ϡϬ ┘ü┘è┘ç Ï¿Ï▒Ï║ϿϬ┘çϺ ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï┤ϺϿ ┘ü┘é┘èÏ▒ Ï¡┘èϽ ϿϺÏíϬ ┘â┘ä ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϺϬ Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘ü┘è ÏÑ┘é┘åϺÏ╣ ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘è┘çϺ ϿϺ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϿ Ϻ┘äÏ¿Ï│┘èÏÀ ϿϺ┘ä┘üÏ┤┘äÏî ┘ê┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘äÏú┘èϺ┘à ϺϫϬ┘üϬ Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘å┘çϺϪ┘è┘ïϺÏî ┘êÏúÏ╣┘ä┘åϬ Ï╣ϺϪ┘äϬ┘çϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘à┘ü┘é┘êϻϮ ┘êϬ┘à ϬϡÏ▒┘èÏ▒ ┘àÏ¡ÏÂÏ▒ Ï¿┘ü┘éÏ»┘çϺ.
┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë:
┘éϺ┘à Ϻ┘äÏúÏÀϿϺÏí ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë Ï¿Ï╣┘à┘ä Ϻ┘ä┘üÏ¡┘êÏÁϺϬ Ϻ┘ä┘âϺ┘à┘äÏ® ┘ä┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ϬÏ▓┘å 25 ┘â┘è┘ä┘ê ϼÏ▒Ϻ┘à ┘êϬÏ╣Ϻ┘å┘è ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏÑÏ╣┘èϺÏí ┘êϺ┘ä┘çÏ▓Ϻ┘ä Ϻ┘ä┘âϺ┘à┘ä ┘ê┘éϺ┘àϬ Ϻ┘ä┘à┘àÏ▒ÏÂϺϬ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϭ┘åÏ©┘è┘ü┘çϺ ┘êÏ▒Ï╣Ϻ┘èϬ┘çϺÏî ┘ü┘ä┘à Ϭ┘â┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ï│┘ê┘ë ┘üϬϺϮ ┘çϺϻϪϮ ┘àÏÀ┘èÏ╣Ï® Ϭ┘üÏ▒Ï¡ ┘ä┘äϺÏ│Ϭϡ┘àϺ┘à ┘âϺ┘äÏúÏÀ┘üϺ┘ä ┘êϬÏ│Ϭ┘àϬÏ╣ ϿϺ┘ä┘ç┘êϺÏí Ϻ┘ä┘å┘é┘è ┘ä┘â┘å┘çϺ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ϬϫÏ┤┘ë Ϻ┘äÏÂ┘êÏí ┘ê┘äϺ ϬÏ│ϬÏÀ┘èÏ╣ Ϭϡ┘à┘ä┘çÏî
Ϭ┘à Ϭϡ┘ê┘è┘ä Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ÏÑÏ¡Ï»┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘àÏÁϡϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ╣┘é┘ä┘èÏ® ┘åϬ┘èϼϮ ϺÏÂÏÀÏ▒ϺϿ Ï░┘ç┘å┘è ┘åϺϬϼ Ï╣┘å Ϻ┘äÏ¡Ï¿Ï│ Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ϬÏ╣Ï▒ÏÂϬ ┘ä┘ç ┘êϺ┘ä┘àÏ╣Ϻ┘åϺϮ Ϻ┘äϬ┘è ┘êϺϼ┘çϬ┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ┘ä┘à ϬÏ╣Ï» ┘éϺϻÏ▒Ï® Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¡┘èϺϮ Ï¿ÏÁ┘êÏ▒Ï® ÏÀÏ¿┘èÏ╣┘èÏ® ┘êÏ©┘äϬ Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äϡϺ┘äÏ® ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ│┘â┘êϬ ┘êÏ╣Ï»┘à ÏÑÏ»Ï▒Ϻ┘â Ϻ┘ä┘êϺ┘éÏ╣ ϡϬ┘ë Ϭ┘ê┘üϬ Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1913 Ï¿Ï╣Ï» 12 Ï╣Ϻ┘à ┘à┘å Ϻ┘âϬÏ┤Ϻ┘ü ┘éÏÁϬ┘çϺ.
Ϭϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ®:
ÏúÏ©┘çÏ▒Ϭ Ϭϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ï╣ϺÏ▒ÏÂϬ Ïú┘ç┘ä┘çϺ ┘ü┘è ┘àÏ│Ïú┘äÏ® Ϻ┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϿ Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è Ï▒┘üÏÂ┘ç Ïú┘ç┘ä┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï║┘à ┘à┘å Ï╣┘à┘ä┘ç ┘â┘àϡϺ┘à┘è ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å┘ç ┘âϺ┘å ┘èÏ╣Ï» ┘à┘å ÏÀÏ¿┘éÏ® ┘ü┘é┘èÏ▒Ï® ϿϺ┘ä┘åÏ│Ï¿Ï® ┘ä┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏúÏ│Ï▒Ï® Ϻ┘ä┘åÏ¿┘è┘äÏ®Ïî ┘ü┘êϺϼ┘ç┘êϺ ┘â┘ä ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϺϬ┘ç ┘ä┘äÏ▓┘êϺϼ ┘à┘å┘çϺ ϿϺ┘äÏ▒┘üÏ Ϻ┘äϬϺ┘àÏî ÏÑ┘äϺ Ïú┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ ÏúÏÁÏ▒Ϭ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¡Ï¿┘çÏî ┘à┘àϺ ϺÏÂÏÀÏ▒ ┘êϺ┘äÏ»┘è┘çϺ ÏÑ┘ä┘ë ┘à┘åÏ╣┘çϺ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äÏ«Ï▒┘êϼ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘ä┘à┘åÏ▓┘ä ..
┘ü┘âϺ┘åϬ Ϭ┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│ϺϪ┘ä ┘ä┘ç ┘êϬ┘éÏ░┘ü┘çϺ ┘ä┘ç Ï╣Ï¿Ï▒ Ϻ┘äÏ│┘êÏ▒ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘âϺ┘åϬ ┘çÏ░┘ç ┘ç┘è Ϻ┘ä┘êÏ│┘è┘äÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘êÏ¡┘èϻϮ ┘ä┘äϬ┘êϺÏÁ┘ä ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ ┘ê┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘äÏú┘èϺ┘à ┘êÏúϽ┘åϺÏí ┘àϡϺ┘ê┘äϬ┘çϺ ┘äÏ▒┘à┘è Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘â┘àϺ ϺÏ╣ϬϺϻϬ Ï│┘éÏÀϬ Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ϻϺϫ┘ä Ϻ┘äÏ│┘êÏ▒ ┘ê┘ä┘èÏ│ ϫϺÏ▒ϼ┘çϺÏî ┘ê┘ê┘éÏ╣Ϭ ┘ü┘è ┘èÏ» Ïú┘à┘çϺ ┘ü┘êϼϻϬ ┘ü┘è┘çϺ Ïú┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ϭ┘å┘ê┘è Ϻ┘ä┘çÏ▒Ï¿ ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ ┘üÏ│ϺÏ▒Ï╣Ϭ Ï¿ÏÑϫϿϺÏ▒ ÏúÏ¿┘è┘çϺ ┘ê┘à┘åÏ░ Ï░┘ä┘â Ϻ┘ä┘è┘ê┘à ┘ä┘à ┘èÏ╣ϽÏ▒ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ ┘êϺ┘åÏÀ┘ä┘éϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤ϺϪÏ╣ϺϬ ϿϺ┘ä┘àÏ»┘è┘åÏ® Ï╣┘å ┘çÏ▒┘êÏ¿┘çϺ ┘àÏ╣ Ï¡Ï¿┘èÏ¿┘çϺ.
┘ü┘éϺ┘à ÏúÏ¿┘ê┘çϺ ┘êÏú┘à┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ï¡Ï¿Ï│┘çϺ ┘ü┘è Ϭ┘ä┘â Ϻ┘äÏ║Ï▒┘üÏ® ┘êϺÏ╣┘ä┘å┘êϺ Ïú┘å┘çϺ ϺϫϬ┘üϬ ┘êÏÀ┘êϺ┘ä ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘àϻϮ ┘ä┘à ┘è┘â┘å ┘èÏ╣Ï▒┘ü ┘à┘âϺ┘å Ï¿┘äϺ┘åÏ┤ Ï│┘ê┘ë Ͻ┘äϺϽϬ┘ç┘à Ϻ┘äÏú┘à ┘êϺ┘äÏúÏ¿ ┘êϺ┘äÏúÏ« ┘êÏ¿Ï╣Ï» ┘ê┘üϺϮ Ϻ┘äÏúÏ¿ ┘ü┘è Ï╣Ϻ┘à 1882 ┘ä┘à ϬϬ┘ê┘é┘ü Ϻ┘äÏú┘à Ï¿┘ä ┘àÏÂϬ ┘ü┘è Ï¡Ï¿Ï│ Ϻ┘äϺϿ┘åÏ®Ïî
ϡϬ┘ë ┘êÏÁ┘äϬ ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ï│Ϻ┘äÏ® ┘ä┘à┘âϬϿ Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ»Ï╣┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘éϺ┘à ϿϺ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘é ┘ü┘è Ϻ┘ä┘êϺ┘éÏ╣Ï® ┘êϬ┘êϼ┘è┘ç Ϻ┘äϬ┘ç┘à ┘ä┘äÏú┘à ┘ä┘ê┘èÏ▓Ϻ ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘è┘ç ┘êϺ┘äϺϿ┘å ┘àϺÏ▒Ï│┘è┘ä ┘à┘ê┘å┘è┘ç ┘êÏ¿Ï╣Ï» ÏÑϽϺÏ▒Ï® Ϻ┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï¡┘ê┘ä┘ç┘à ┘êϬ┘ä┘é┘è Ϻ┘äϬ┘çÏ»┘èϻϺϬ ┘êϺ┘äÏ╣ϿϺÏ▒ϺϬ Ϻ┘ä┘éϺÏ│┘èÏ® ┘éϺ┘àϬ Ϻ┘äÏ┤Ï▒ÏÀÏ® Ï¿Ï│ϼ┘å Ϻ┘äÏú┘à ┘êϬ┘à ┘å┘é┘ä┘çϺ ┘ä┘ä┘àÏ│ϬÏ┤┘ü┘ë Ï╣┘ä┘ë ÏúϽÏ▒ ÏúÏ▓┘àÏ® ┘é┘äÏ¿┘èÏ® Ϭ┘ê┘üϬ Ï¿Ï╣Ï»┘çϺ Ï¡┘èϽ ┘àϺϬϬ Ï¿Ï╣Ï» 15 ┘è┘ê┘à ┘ü┘éÏÀ ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϺϡϬϼϺÏ▓.
Ïú┘àϺ Ϻ┘äϺϿ┘å ┘ü┘éÏ» Ϭ┘à Ϭ┘êϼ┘è┘ç ┘ä┘ç Ϭ┘ç┘àÏ® ϬÏ╣Ï░┘èÏ¿ ┘êϺϫϬÏÀϺ┘ü ┘êϺϡϬϼϺÏ▓ Ï┤┘é┘è┘éϬ┘ç Ï╣┘ä┘ë ÏÑϽÏ▒ ┘àϡϺ┘â┘àÏ® ϺÏ│Ϭ┘àÏ▒Ϭ ┘äÏúÏ▒Ï¿Ï╣Ï® Ïú┘èϺ┘à Ϻ┘åϬ┘çϬ ϿϺ┘äÏ¡┘â┘à Ï╣┘ä┘è┘ç ϿϺ┘äÏ│ϼ┘å 15 Ï┤┘çÏ▒ ┘ä┘â┘å┘ç ┘éÏ»┘à ϺÏ│ϬϪ┘åϺ┘ü Ï¡ÏÁ┘ä Ï¿┘ç Ï╣┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¿Ï▒ϺÏíÏ® ┘ü┘éϺ┘à Ï¿Ï¿┘èÏ╣ ┘â┘ä ┘à┘àϬ┘ä┘âϺϬ┘ç ┘êϺ┘åϬ┘é┘ä ÏÑ┘ä┘ë Ϻ┘äÏ¡┘èϺϮ ┘ü┘è ÏúÏ¡Ï» Ϻ┘ä┘éÏ▒┘ë Ϻ┘ä┘åϺϪ┘èÏ® Ï¡┘èϽ ┘äϺ ┘èÏ╣Ï▒┘ü┘ç ÏúÏ¡Ï» ┘ç┘åϺ┘â Ï¿Ï╣┘èÏ»┘ïϺ Ï╣┘å Ϻ┘äϺϡϬ┘éϺÏ▒ ┘êϺ┘ä┘ä┘ê┘à Ϻ┘äÏ░┘è ┘êϺϼ┘ç┘ç ┘à┘å Ϻ┘äϼ┘à┘èÏ╣ ϡϬ┘ë Ϭ┘ê┘ü┘ë ┘ç┘åϺ┘â ┘êÏ¡┘èÏ»┘ïϺ.
┘ê┘éÏ» ÏúÏ║┘ä┘éϬ Ϻ┘äϬϡ┘é┘è┘éϺϬ Ϭ┘àϺ┘à┘ïϺ ┘ü┘è ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘éÏÂ┘èÏ® Ϻ┘äϬ┘è ÏúÏÁϿϡϬ ┘àϽϺÏ▒ ┘ä┘äÏ▒Ïú┘è Ϻ┘äÏ╣Ϻ┘à Ï¿Ï╣Ï» Ϻ┘âϬÏ┤Ϻ┘ü ┘à┘âϺ┘å Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ ┘ê┘êϼ┘êÏ»┘çϺ Ï╣┘ä┘ë ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äϡϺ┘äÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘àÏ▓Ï▒┘èÏ® ┘êϺ┘ä┘àÏ«┘è┘üÏ® ┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘ä┘üϬϺϮ Ϻ┘äϬ┘è Ï╣ϺÏ┤Ϭ Ï¡┘èϺϮ Ϻ┘ä┘åÏ¿┘äϺÏí ┘êϺ┘åϬ┘çϬ Ï¡┘èϺϬ┘çϺ Ï¿┘çÏ░┘ç Ϻ┘äÏÀÏ▒┘è┘éÏ® Ϻ┘ä┘à┘êÏ¡Ï┤Ï® ┘êϺ┘ä┘éϺÏ│┘èÏ®..
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